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Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional POPs PART III Annexes |
Annex 28 Heating Values and Biomass Ash Contents
The basis for reporting default Toolkit emission factors is the energetic output. For this, the Toolkit refers to TJ (Terajoules) and not to the mass in tons of feed material. In cases where mass consumption data are available, the following tables provide indicative relation of masses (in kg) to heat outputs (in MJ).
Table III.28.1 Heating values for coal
Type of Coal Heating Value Anthracite, Germany
Bituminous coal, France
Bituminous coal, USA
Anthracite, Russia
Bituminous coal, Germany
Bituminous coal, China
Bituminous coal, Poland
Sub-bituminous coal, Spain
Sub-bituminous coal, Croatia
Sub-bituminous coal, Turkey
Lignite/brown coal, Germany (Central)
Lignite/brown coal, Czech Republic
Lignite/brown coal, Germany (West)
Lignite/brown coal, Australia
Lignite/brown coal, Germany (East)
Lignite/brown coal, Greece27–35 MJ/kg
depending on the mine
32–34 MJ/kg
31–32 MJ/kg
30 MJ/kg (Donez Bay)
29–32 MJ/kg
25–27 MJ/kg
20.5-30.5 MJ/kg
16–17 MJ/kg
13–15 MJ/kg
12–14 MJ/kg
10–12 MJ/kg
9–11 MJ/kg
8–10 MJ/kg
8–9 MJ/kg
7–9 MJ/kg
4–6 MJ/kgTable III.28.2 Heating values for coke
Type of Coke Heating Value Swell coke, Czech Republic
Anthracite coke, Germany
Lignite coke, Germany
Swell coke, Germany31–32 MJ/kg
28–30 MJ/kg
27–28 MJ/kg
23–25 MJ/kgTable III.28.3 Heating values for oil
Type of Oil Heating Value Gasoline
Light fuel oil/Diesel fuel
Heavy fuel oil
Lignite tar oil
Anthracite tar oil
Ethanol
Oil shale (from Estonia)44–47 MJ/kg
43–46 MJ/kg
40–43 MJ/kg
38–40 MJ/kg
37–39 MJ/kg
29 MJ/kg
8-10 MJ/kgTable III.28.4 Heating values for gas
Type of Gas Heating Value Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Natural gas, North Sea – Great Britain
Natural gas, North Sea-Germany
Natural gas class H
Natural gas class L
Natural gas, The Netherlands
Methanol
Carbon monoxide
For a first estimate, mean values should be applied as follows
Natural gas
LPG (mean heating value)50 MJ/kg
47 MJ/kg
46 MJ/kg
46 MJ/kg
48–53 MJ/kg
47–52 MJ/kg
46–50 MJ/kg
44–49 MJ/kg
40–45 MJ/kg
38–44 MJ/kg
20 MJ/kg
10MJ/kg
48 MJ/kg
46 MJ/kgTable III.28.5 Heating values for wood
Type of Wood Heating Value Spruce, air dry
Poplar, air dry
Beech, air dry
Beech, green
Beech bark
Spruce bark14–17 MJ/kg
15–16 MJ/kg
13–15 MJ/kg
12–13 MJ/kg
11–13 MJ/kg
10–12 MJ/kgTable III.28.6 Heating values for biomass
Type of Biomass Heating Value Coconut shells
Almond shells
Peat Pellets
Peat, Germany
Straw (wheat)
Coconut fibers
Rice husks
Coffee roasting residue
Peat, Finland
Bagasse
Peat, Spain17–19 MJ/kg
17–19 MJ/kg
15–18 MJ/kg
15–17 MJ/kg
15–17 MJ/kg
14–16 MJ/kg
14–15 MJ/kg
9–11 MJ/kg
9–11 MJ/kg
8–10 MJ/kg
1–3 MJ/kgThe following correlations exist for converting energy and power units:
Table III.28.7 Selected correlations for energy and power units
Energy
Watt hour(Wh)
Kilowatt hour (kWh)
Gigawatt hour (GWh)
Terajoule (TJ)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1Corresponds to:
3,600
3.6
0.0036
3,600,000
3,600
3.6
3.6 10-6
3.6
2,777,777,778
Joule (J)
Kilojoule (kJ)
Megajoule (MJ)
Joule (J)
Kilojoule (kJ)
Megajoule (MJ)
Terajoule (TJ)
Terajoule (TJ)
Kilowatt hour (kWh)Power
Watt (W)
Megawatt (MW)
1
1
1
1
1
60
3,600
1,000,000
Joule per second (J/s)
Joule per minute (J/min)
Joule per hour (J/h)
Joule per second (J/s)Table III.28.8 Selected conversion factors and energy equivalents for Group 3 Power Generation and Heating
WEC* Standard Energy Units equals 1 ton of oil equivalent (toe) ** 42000 MJ (net calorific value) 1 ton of coal equivalent (tce) 29300 MJ (net calorific value) Representative Average Conversion Factors 1 ton of natural gas liquids 45000 MJ (net calorific value) 1,000 standard cubic meter of natural gas 36000 MJ (net calorific value) 1 ton of peat 0.2275 toe 1 ton of fuelwood 0.3215 toe 1 kWh (primary energy equivalent) 9.36 MJ Electricity 1 kWh of electricity output 3.6 MJ * World Energy Council
** ton of oil equivalent currently employed by the International Energy Agency and the United Nations Statistics Division, defined as 107 kilocalories, net calorific value (equivalent to 41.868 GJ)Table III.28.9 Ash contents of various woods, dry basis (% mass)
Type Wood/other Bark Reference Douglas fir 0.1-0.8 1.2-2.2 Beauchemin 2008 Western hemlock 0.2-2.1 1.7-3.7 Beauchemin 2008 Ponderosa pine 0.2 0.7 Beauchemin 2008 Lodgepole pine 2.5 2.0 Beauchemin 2008 Spruce 3.0 3.8 Beauchemin 2008 Redwood 0.2 0.4-0.8 Beauchemin 2008 Cedar 0.2 0.2 Beauchemin 2008 Coniferous wood 0.3 4.0 Obernberger 2006 Deciduous wood 0.3 5.0 Obernberger 2006 Straw from wheat, ray, barley, oilseed rape 5.0 - Obernberger 2006 Grains from wheat, rye, barley 5.0 - Obernberger 2006 Grains from rape 2.0 - Obernberger 2006 Grass, in general 7.0 - Obernberger 2006 Miscanthus (China reed) 4.0 - Obernberger 2006
