 |
Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Releases of Dioxins, Furans and Other Unintentional POPs PART III Annexes |
Annex 4 Compilation of Emission Factors
This annex contains a compilation of all emission factors for the ten source categories. These sheets are also available as Excel files to be used directly for calculation of the annual releases via all vectors.
In the following tables, the majority of the emission factors are given as μg TEQ per ton of feed material or product, respectively. In a few exemptions, e.g., residues from coal fired stoves in domestic heating (category 3e) as well as for water releases in Source Group 9, the annual releases are estimated on basis of residues generated. For other estimates, e.g., water and residue releases from the pulp and paper industry, the preferred option may also be to calculate the annual releases based on volume discharged and concentration in the water or residue, respectively.
Care should also be taken that annual releases are not counted twice; e.g. the residue from one process may be feed material for another process or activity. Examples are ashes from the ferrous and non-ferrous metal industry, which may be utilized in secondary processes. Further, wastewater from industrial processes normally should be accounted to the respective industry where they are generated. However, occasionally, statistics may provide data at the disposal site, for example the amount of wastewater discharged at a specific location may be known; e.g. for open water dumping or discharges at sewer plants. Thus, special care should be taken when numbers are being filled in, especially for Source Group 9.
In the following tables:
- “NA” denotes that the vector is not expected,
- “ND” denotes that presently there is no suitable emission factor available. This means that this vector can be of importance but presently, releases along this vector cannot be calculated.
- “LoC” denotes the level of confidence assigned to a specific emission factor.
- “H” denotes a high level of confidence.
- “M” denotes a medium level of confidence.
- “L”denotes a low level of confidence.
Group 1 |
Cat. |
Class |
Source categories
Waste Incineration |
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
Residue |
|||||
Air |
Water |
Land |
Product |
Fly Ash |
Bottom Ash |
||||
|
a |
|
Municipal solid waste incineration |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Low technol. combustion, no APCS |
3,500 |
|
NA |
NA |
ND |
75 |
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Controlled comb., minimal APCS |
350 |
|
NA |
NA |
500 |
15 |
LoC |
M |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
3 |
Controlled comb., good APCS |
30 |
|
NA |
NA |
200 |
7 |
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||||
4 |
High tech. combustion, sophisticated APCS |
0.5 |
|
NA |
NA |
15 |
1.5 |
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
M |
||||
|
b |
|
Hazardous waste incineration |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Low technol. combustion, no APCS |
35,000 |
|
NA |
NA |
9,000 |
|
LoC |
L |
L |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Controlled comb., minimal APCS |
350 |
|
NA |
NA |
900 |
|
LoC |
L |
L |
|||||||
|
|
3 |
Controlled comb., good APCS |
10 |
|
NA |
NA |
450 |
|
LoC |
L |
L |
|||||||
4 |
High tech. combustion, sophisticated APCS |
0.75 |
|
NA |
NA |
30 |
|
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
L |
|||||
|
c |
|
Medical waste incineration |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Uncontrolled batch combustion, no APCS |
40,000 |
|
NA |
NA |
|
200 |
LoC |
L |
L |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Controlled, batch, no or minimal APCS |
3,000 |
|
NA |
NA |
|
20 |
LoC |
L |
L |
|||||||
|
|
3 |
Controlled, batch comb., good APCS |
525 |
|
NA |
NA |
920 |
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||||
4 |
High tech, continuous, sophisticated APCS |
1 |
|
NA |
NA |
150 |
|
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||
|
d |
|
Light fraction shredder waste incineration |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Uncontrolled batch comb., no APCS |
1,000 |
|
NA |
NA |
ND |
|
LoC |
L |
||||||||
|
|
2 |
Controlled, batch, no or minimal APCS |
50 |
|
NA |
NA |
ND |
|
LoC |
M |
||||||||
3 |
High tech, continuous, sophisticated APCS |
1 |
|
NA |
NA |
150 |
|
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||
|
e |
|
Sewage sludge incineration |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Old furnaces, batch, no/little APCS |
50 |
|
NA |
NA |
23 |
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Updated, continuously, some APCS |
4 |
|
NA |
NA |
0.5 |
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||||
3 |
State-of-the-art, full APCS |
0.4 |
|
NA |
NA |
0.5 |
|||
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||
|
f |
|
Waste wood and waste biomass incineration |
|
|
||||
|
|
1 |
Old furnaces, batch, no/little APCS |
100 |
|
NA |
NA |
1,000 |
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Updated, continuously, some APCS |
10 |
|
NA |
NA |
10 |
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||||
3 |
State-of-the-art, full APCS |
1 |
|
NA |
NA |
0.2 |
|||
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|
||||
|
g |
|
Animal carcasses burning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Old furnaces, batch, no/little APCS |
500 |
|
NA |
NA |
|
ND |
LoC |
M |
||||||||
|
|
2 |
Updated, continuously, some APCS |
50 |
|
NA |
NA |
|
ND |
LoC |
M |
||||||||
3 |
State-of-the-art, full APCS |
5 |
|
NA |
NA |
|
ND |
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
Group 2 |
Cat. |
Class |
Source categories Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production |
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air |
Water |
Land |
Product |
Residue |
||||
|
a |
|
Iron ore sintering |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
High waste recycling, incl. oil contaminated materials, no or limited air pollution control |
20 |
ND |
ND |
ND |
0.003 |
LoC |
M |
L |
||||||
|
|
2 |
Low waste use, well controlled plant |
5 |
ND |
ND |
ND |
1 |
LoC |
H |
L |
||||||
3 |
High technology, emission reduction |
0.3 |
ND |
ND |
ND |
2 |
||
|
|
LoC |
H |
M |
||||
|
b |
|
Coke production |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
No gas cleaning |
3 |
0.06 |
ND |
ND |
ND |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
2 |
Afterburner/dust removal |
0.03 |
0.06 |
ND |
ND |
ND |
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
||||
|
c |
|
Iron and steel production plants and foundries |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Iron and steel plants |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Dirty scrap, scrap preheating, limited controls |
10 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
15 |
LoC |
H |
M |
||||||
|
|
2 |
Clean scrap/virgin iron or dirty scrap, afterburner, fabric filter |
3 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
15 |
LoC |
H |
H |
||||||
|
|
3 |
Clean scrap/virgin iron or dirty scrap, EAF equipped with APC designed for low PCDD/PCDF emission, BOF furnaces |
0.1 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
0.1 |
LoC |
H |
M |
||||||
4 |
Blast furnaces with APCS |
0.01 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
||
|
|
LoC |
H |
|||||
|
|
|
Foundries |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Cold air cupola or hot air cupola or rotary drum, no APCS |
10 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Rotary drum - fabric filter or wet scribber |
4.3 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
0.2 |
LoC |
M |
L |
||||||
|
|
3 |
Cold air cupola, fabric filter or wet scrubber |
1 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
8 |
LoC |
M |
L |
||||||
4 |
Hot air cupola or induction furnace, fabric filter or wet scrubber |
0.03 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
0.5 |
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
||||
|
|
Hot-dip galvanizing plants |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Facilities without APCS |
0.06 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
0.01 |
LoC |
M |
L |
||||||
|
|
2 |
Facilties without degreasing step, good APCS |
0.05 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
2 |
LoC |
M |
L |
||||||
3 |
Facilities with degreasing step, good APCS |
0.02 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1 |
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
L |
||||
|
d |
|
Copper production |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Sec. Cu - Basic technology |
800 |
0.5 |
NA |
NA |
630 |
LoC |
M |
M |
L |
|||||
|
|
2 |
Sec. Cu - Well controlled |
50 |
0.5 |
NA |
NA |
630 |
LoC |
H |
M |
L |
|||||
|
|
3 |
Sec. Cu - Optimized for PCDD/PCDF control |
5 |
0.5 |
NA |
NA |
300 |
LoC |
M |
M |
M |
|||||
|
|
4 |
Smelting and casting of Cu/Cu alloys |
0.03 |
0.5 |
NA |
NA |
ND |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
5 |
Prim. Cu, well-controlled, with some secondary feed materials |
0.01 |
0.5 |
NA |
NA |
ND |
LoC |
H |
M |
||||||
6 |
Pure prim. Cu smelters with no secondary feed |
ND |
0.5 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
e |
|
Aluminum production |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Processing scrap Al, minimal treatment of inputs, simple dust removal |
100 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
200 |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
2 |
Scrap treatment, well-controlled, fabric filter, lime injection |
3.5 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
400 |
LoC |
H |
M |
||||||
|
|
3 |
Optimized process for PCDD/PPCDF abatement |
0.5 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
100 |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
4 |
Shavings/turnings drying (simple plants) |
5.0 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
5 |
Thermal de-oiling, rotary furnaces, afterburners, fabric filters |
0.3 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
6 |
Primary Al plants |
ND |
NA |
NA |
NA |
ND |
||
|
f |
|
Lead production |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Lead production from scrap containing PVC |
80 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
|
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
|
2 |
Lead production from PVC/Cl2 free scrap, some APCS |
8 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
50 |
|
|
LoC |
H |
H |
|||||
|
3 |
Lead production from PVC/Cl2 free scrap in highly efficient furnaces, with APC including scrubbers |
0.05 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
|
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
4 |
Pure primary lead production |
0.4 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
||
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
|
g |
|
Zinc production |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Kiln with no dust control |
1,000 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
0.02 |
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||
|
2 |
Hot briquetting/rotarry furnaces, basic control |
100 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
1* |
|
|
LoC |
H |
M |
|||||
|
3 |
Comprehensive control |
5 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
1* |
|
|
LoC |
H |
M |
|||||
4 |
Zinc melting and primary zinc production |
0.1 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
||
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
|
h |
|
Brass and bronze production |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Thermal de-oiling of turnings |
2.5 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
|
LoC |
H |
||||||
|
2 |
Simple melting furnaces |
10 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
|
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
|
3 |
Mixed scarp, induction furnace, bagfilter |
3.5 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
125 |
|
|
LoC |
H |
M |
|||||
4 |
Sophisticated equipment, clean inputs, good APCS |
0.1 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
||
|
LoC |
H |
||||||
|
i |
|
Magnesium production |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Using MgO/C thermal treatment in Cl2, no effluent treatment, poor APCS |
250 |
9,000 |
NA |
NA |
0 |
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
|||||
|
2 |
Using MgO/C thermal treatment in Cl2, comprehensive pollution control |
50 |
30 |
NA |
NA |
9,000 |
|
|
LoC |
H |
H |
M |
||||
3 |
Thermal reduction process |
3 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
NA |
||
|
LoC |
H |
||||||
|
j |
|
Thermal Non-ferrous metal production (e.g., Ni) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Contaminated scrap, simple or no APCS |
100 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
|
2 |
Clean scrap, good APCS |
2 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
|
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
k
|
1 |
Shredders Metal shredding plants |
0.2 |
NA |
NA |
ND |
5 |
|
LoC |
H |
H |
||||||
l |
1 |
Thermal wire reclamation and e-waste recycling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Open burning of cable |
12,000 |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
2 |
Open burning of circuit boards |
100 |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
|
3 |
Basic furnace with after burner, wet scrubber |
40 |
ND |
NA |
ND |
ND |
|
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
|
4 |
Burning electric motors, brake shoes, etc., afterburner |
3.3 |
ND |
NA |
ND |
ND |
|
|
LoC |
M |
||||||
|
|
|
Source categories |
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/TJ) |
||||
Group |
Cat. |
Class |
|
Air |
Water |
Land |
Product |
Residue |
3 |
|
|
Heat and Power Generation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
|
Fossil fuel power plants |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Fossil fuel/waste co-fired power boilers |
35 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
LoC |
L |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Coal fired power boilers |
10 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
14 |
LoC |
M |
H |
||||||
|
|
3 |
Peat fired power boilers |
17.5 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
LoC |
L |
|||||||
|
|
4 |
Heavy fuel fired power boilers |
2.5 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
5 |
Shale oil fired power plants |
1.5 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
LoC |
L |
|||||||
6 |
Light fuel oil/natural gas fired power boilers |
0.5 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
||
|
|
LoC |
H |
|||||
b |
|
Biomass power plants |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Mixed biomass fired power boilers |
500 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Clean wood fired power boilers |
50 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
15 |
LoC |
H |
H |
||||||
|
|
3 |
Straw fired boilers |
50 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
70 |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
4 |
Boilers fired with bagasse, rice husk etc. |
50 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
50 |
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
L |
||||
c |
|
Landfill biogas combustion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Biogas-/landfill gas fired boilers, motors/turbines and flaring |
8 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
d |
|
Household heating and cooking - Biomass |
|
|
|
|
µg TEQ/t Ash |
|
|
|
1 |
Contaminated biomass fired stoves |
1,500 |
ND |
ND |
NA |
1,000 |
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
|
|
2 |
Virgin biomass fired stoves (advanced technology) |
100 |
ND |
ND |
NA |
10 |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
3 |
Straw fired stoves |
450 |
ND |
ND |
NA |
30 |
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
|
|
4 |
Charcoal fired stoves |
100 |
ND |
ND |
NA |
0.1 |
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
|
|
5 |
Open-fire (3-stone) stoves (virgin wood) |
20 |
ND |
ND |
NA |
0.1 |
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
6 |
Simple stoves (virgin wood) |
100 |
ND |
ND |
NA |
0.1 |
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
L |
||||
e |
|
Domesting heating - Fossil fuels |
|
|
|
|
µg TEQ/t Ash |
|
|
|
1 |
High chlorine coal/waste/biomass co-fired stoves |
1,700 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
5,000 |
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
2 |
Coal/waste/biomass co-fired stoves |
200 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
NA |
||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
|
|
3 |
Coal fired stoves |
100 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
5 |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
4 |
Peat fired stoves |
100 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
4 |
Oil fired stoves |
10 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
5 |
Natural gas fired stoves |
1.5 |
ND |
NA |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
|
Source categories |
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t) |
||||
Group |
Cat. |
Class |
|
Air |
Water |
Land |
Product |
Residue |
4 |
|
|
Production of Mineral Products |
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
|
Cement kilns |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Shaft kilns |
5 |
ND |
NA |
ND |
ND |
LoC |
H |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Old wet kilns, ESP temperature >300°C |
5 |
ND |
NA |
ND |
ND |
LoC |
H |
|||||||
|
|
3 |
Rotary kilns, ESP/FF temperature 200 to 300°C |
0.6 |
ND |
NA |
ND |
ND |
LoC |
H |
|||||||
|
4 |
Wet kilns, ESP/FF temperature <200°C and all types of dry kilns with preheater/precalciner, T<200°C |
0.05 |
ND |
NA |
ND |
ND |
|
LoC |
H |
|||||||
b |
|
Lime |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Cyclone/no dust control, contaminated or poor fuels |
10 |
ND |
NA |
ND |
ND |
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
2 |
Good dust abatement |
0.07 |
ND |
NA |
ND |
ND |
|
LoC |
H |
|||||||
c |
|
Brick |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
No emission abatement in place and using contaminated fuels |
0.2 |
NA |
NA |
0.06 |
0.02 |
|
LoC |
H |
H |
H |
|||||
2 |
No emission abatement in place and using non-contaminated fuels; Emission abatement in place and using any kind of fuel; No emission abatement in place but state of the art process control |
0.02 |
NA |
NA |
0.006 |
0.002 |
||
|
LoC |
M |
M |
M |
||||
d |
|
Glass |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Cyclone/no dust control, contaminated or poor fuels |
0.2 |
NA |
NA |
ND |
ND |
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
2 |
Good dust abatement |
0.015 |
NA |
NA |
ND |
ND |
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
e |
|
Ceramics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Cyclone/no dust control, contaminated or poor fuels |
0.2 |
NA |
NA |
ND |
ND |
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
2 |
Good dust abatement |
0.02 |
NA |
NA |
ND |
ND |
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
f |
|
Asphalt mixing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Mixing plant with no gas cleaning |
0.07 |
NA |
NA |
ND |
ND |
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
2 |
Mixing plant with fabric filter, wet scrubber |
0.007 |
NA |
NA |
ND |
0.06 |
|
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
g |
|
Oil shale processing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Thermal fractionation |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
|
|
|
2 |
Oil shale pyrolysis |
0.003 |
NA |
ND |
0.07 |
2 |
LoC |
M |
M |
M |
|||||
|
|
|
Source categories |
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t) |
||||
Group |
Cat. |
Class |
|
Air |
Water |
Land |
Product |
Residue |
5 |
|
|
Transport |
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
|
4-Stroke engines |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Leaded fuel |
2.2 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
LoC |
H |
|||||||
|
2 |
Unleaded gasoline without catalyst |
0.1 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
3 |
Unleaded gasoline with catalyst |
0.001 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
4 |
Ethanol with catalyst |
0.0007 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
b |
|
2-Stroke engines |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Leaded fuel |
3.5 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
LoC |
L |
|||||||
|
2 |
Unleaded fuel |
2.5 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
LoC |
L |
|||||||
c |
|
Diesel engines |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Regular Diesel |
0.1 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
ND |
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
2 |
Biodiesel |
0.07 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
d |
|
Heavy oil fired engines |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
All types |
2 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
|
Source categories |
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t) |
||||
Group |
Cat. |
Class |
|
Air |
Water |
Land |
Product |
Residue |
6 |
|
|
Open Burning Processes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
|
Biomass burning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Agricultural residue burning in the field of cereal and other crops stubble, impacted, poor burning conditions |
30 |
ND |
10 |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
2 |
Agricultural residue burning in the field of cereal and other crops stubble, not impacted |
0.5 |
ND |
0.05 |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
3 |
Sugarcane burning |
4 |
ND |
0.05 |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
H |
H |
||||||
|
|
4 |
Forest fires |
1 |
ND |
0.15 |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
H |
H |
||||||
5 |
Grassland and savannah fires |
0.5 |
ND |
0.15 |
NA |
NA |
||
|
|
LoC |
H |
H |
||||
b |
|
Waste burning and accidental fires |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
1 |
Fires at waste dumps (compacted, wet, high organic carbon content) |
300 |
ND |
10 |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
2 |
Accidental fires in houses, factories |
400 |
ND |
400 |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
3 |
Open burning of domestic waste |
40 |
ND |
1 |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
4 |
Accidental fires in vehicles (per vehicle) |
100 |
ND |
18 |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
5 |
Open burning of wood (construction/demolition) |
60 |
ND |
10 |
NA |
NA |
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
||||
|
|
|
Source categories |
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t) |
||||
Group |
Cat. |
Class |
|
Air |
Water |
Land |
Product |
Residue |
7 |
|
|
Production and Use of Chemicals and Consumer Goods |
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
|
Pulp and paper mills * |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boilers (per ton ADt pulp) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Recovery boilers fueled with black liquor |
0.03 |
|
|
ND |
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Power boilers fueled with sludge and/or biomass/bark |
0.5 |
|
|
|
5 |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
3 |
Power boilers fueled with salt-laden wood |
13 |
228 |
|||||
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
|
|
|
Acqueous discharges and products |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Kraft process, Cl2, non-wood, PCP-contaminated fibers |
|
ND |
|
30 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Kraft process, Cl2 |
|
4.5 |
|
10 |
4.5 |
LoC |
M |
M |
M |
|||||
|
|
3 |
Mixed technology |
|
1.0 |
|
3 |
1.5 |
LoC |
M |
M |
M |
|||||
|
|
4 |
Sulfite process, Cl2 |
|
ND |
|
1 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
5 |
Kraft process, ClO2 |
|
0.06 |
|
0.5 |
0.2 |
LoC |
M |
M |
M |
|||||
|
|
6 |
Sulfite process, either ClO2 or TCF |
|
ND |
|
0.1 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
7 |
Thermo-mechanical process |
|
ND |
|
1.0 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
8 |
Paper recycling with contaminated waste paper |
|
ND |
|
10 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
9 |
Paper recycling with modern paper |
|
ND |
|
3 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
b |
|
Chlorinated Inorganic Chemicals |
|
|
|
|
|
Elemental chlorine production (per ton ECU) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
1 |
Chlor-alkali production using graphite anodes |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
1,000 |
||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
2 |
Chlor-alkali production using titanium electrodes |
|||||||
2a |
Low-End Technologies |
ND |
17 |
ND |
ND |
27 |
||
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
2b |
Mid-Range Technologies |
ND |
1.7 |
ND |
ND |
1.7 |
||
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
2c |
High-End Technologies |
ND |
0.002 |
ND |
ND |
0.3 |
||
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
c |
Chlorinated Aliphatic Chemicals |
|||||||
ECD/VCM and EDC/VCM/PVC vent and liquid-vent combustors (per ton VCM) |
||||||||
Low-End Technologies |
5 |
|||||||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
Mid-Range Technologies |
0.5 |
|||||||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
High-End Technologies |
0.05 |
|||||||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
ECD/VCM and EDC/VCM/PVC spent catalyst from facilties utilizing a fixed-bed oxychlorination catalyst (per ton EDC) |
||||||||
Low-End Technologies |
8 |
|||||||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
Mid-Range Technologies |
0.85 |
|||||||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
High-End Technologies* |
0.02 |
|||||||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
|
ECD/VCM and EDC/VCM/PVC production processes (per ton EDC) |
|
|
|
|
|
||
1 |
Low-End Technologies |
|||||||
With fixed-bed oxychlorination catalyst |
25 |
NA |
2 |
0.75 |
||||
With fluidized-bed oxychlorination catalyst |
25 |
NA |
2 |
4 |
||||
LoC |
L |
L |
L |
|||||
2 |
Mid-Range Technologies |
|||||||
With fixed-bed oxychlorination catalyst |
2.5 |
NA |
0.2 |
0.2 |
||||
With fluidized-bed oxychlorination catalyst |
2.5 |
NA |
0.2 |
2 |
||||
LoC |
L |
L |
L |
|||||
3 |
High-End Technologies* |
|||||||
With fixed-bed oxychlorination catalyst |
0.5 |
NA |
0.006 |
0.095 |
||||
With fluidized-bed oxychlorination catalyst |
0.5 |
NA |
0.006 |
0.4 |
||||
LoC |
L |
L |
L |
|||||
PVC only (per ton PVC product) |
||||||||
1 |
Low-End Technologies |
1 |
0.03 |
NA |
ND |
0.095 |
||
LoC |
L |
L |
L |
|||||
2 |
Mid-Range Technologies |
0.1 |
0.003 |
NA |
ND |
0.06 |
||
LoC |
L |
L |
L |
|||||
3 |
High-End Technologies* |
0.021 |
0.0003 |
NA |
NA |
0.005 |
||
LoC |
L |
L |
L |
|||||
|
d |
|
Chlorinated Aromatic Chemicals (per ton product) |
|
|
|
|
|
Chlorobenzenes |
||||||||
1 |
1,4-Dichlorobenzene |
ND |
ND |
NA |
39 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
|
PCB |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Low chlorinated, Clophen A30, Aroclor 1242 |
|
|
15,000 |
|
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Medium chlorinated, Clophen A40, Aroclor 1248 |
|
|
70,000 |
|
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
3 |
Medium chlorinated, Clophen A50, Aroclor 1254 |
|
|
300,000 |
|
|
LoC |
M |
|||||||
4 |
High chlorinated, Clophen A60, Aroclor 1260 |
|
|
|
1,500,000 |
|
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
PCP and PCP-Na |
||||||||
1 |
PCP |
ND |
ND |
ND |
634,000 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
2 |
PCP-Na |
ND |
ND |
ND |
12,500 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
2,4,5-T and 2,4,5-TCP |
||||||||
1 |
2,4,5-T |
ND |
ND |
ND |
7,000 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
2 |
2,4,5-TCP |
ND |
ND |
ND |
700 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
|
Chloronitrofen (CNP) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Old technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
9,200,000 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
New technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
4,500 |
ND |
|
|
LoC |
M |
|||||
|
|
Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) |
||||||
|
|
1 |
Low-End Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
5,600 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
2 |
Mid-Range Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
2,600 |
ND |
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
|||||
3 |
High-End Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
260 |
ND |
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
|||||
|
|
|
2,4-D and derivatives |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Low-End Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
5,688 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
2 |
Mid-Range Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
170 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
3 |
High-End Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
0.1 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
Chlorinated Paraffins |
||||||||
1 |
Low-End Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
||
2 |
Mid-Range Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
500 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
3 |
High-End Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
140 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
P-chloranil |
||||||||
1 |
Direct chlorination of phenol |
ND |
ND |
ND |
400,000 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Chlorination of hydroquinone with minimal purification |
ND |
ND |
ND |
1,500,000 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
3 |
Chlorination of hydroquinone with moderate purification |
ND |
ND |
ND |
26,000 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
4 |
Chlorination of hydroquinone with advanced purification |
ND |
ND |
ND |
150 |
ND |
|
|
LoC |
M |
|||||
|
|
|
Phthalocyanine dyes and pigments |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Phthalocyanine copper |
ND |
ND |
ND |
70 |
ND |
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Phthalocyanine green |
ND |
ND |
ND |
1,400 |
ND |
|
|
LoC |
M |
|||||
|
|
Dioxazine dyes and pigments |
||||||
1 |
Blue 106 |
ND |
ND |
ND |
35,000 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
2 |
Blue 108 |
ND |
ND |
ND |
100 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
3 |
Violet 23 |
ND |
ND |
ND |
12,000 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
|
|
Triclosan |
||||||
|
|
1 |
Low-End Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
1,700 |
82,000 |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
2 |
Mid-Range Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
60 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
3 |
High-End Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
3 |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
e |
Other Chlorinated and Non-Chlorinated Chemicals (per ton product) |
|||||||
TiCl4 and TiO2 |
||||||||
1 |
Low-End Technologies |
ND |
0.2 |
ND |
0 |
42 |
||
LoC |
M |
M |
M |
|||||
2 |
Mid-Range Technologies |
ND |
0.001 |
ND |
0 |
8 |
||
LoC |
M |
M |
M |
|||||
Caprolactam |
||||||||
1 |
Caprolactam |
0.00035 |
0.5 (pg TEQ/L) |
ND |
ND |
ND |
||
|
|
LoC |
M |
M |
||||
|
f |
|
Petroleum refining |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Flares (per TJ fuel burned) |
0.25 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
Production processes (per ton oil) |
||||||||
1 |
Catalytic reforming unit |
0.02 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
14 (µg TEQ/t residue) |
||
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
2 |
Coking unit |
0.4 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
3 |
Refinery-wide wastewater treatment |
ND |
5 (pg TEQ/L) |
ND |
ND |
ND |
||
LoC |
M |
|||||||
g |
Textile plants |
|||||||
1 |
Low-End Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
100 |
ND |
||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
2 |
Mid-Range, non-BAT Technologies |
ND |
ND |
ND |
0.1 |
ND |
||
LoC |
L |
|||||||
|
|
3 |
High-End, BAT Technologies |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
h |
|
Leather plants |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Low-End Technologies |
NA |
ND |
ND |
1,000 |
ND |
LoC |
L |
|||||||
2 |
Mid-Range Technologies |
NA |
ND |
ND |
10 |
ND |
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
|||||
* Releases to residues from EDC/VCM, EDC/VCM/PVC and PVC-only facilities with high-end technologies (waste water treatment solids and/or spent catalyst) only if solids are NOT incinerated
|
|
|
Source categories |
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t) |
||||
Group |
Cat. |
Class |
|
Air |
Water |
Land |
Product |
Residue |
8 |
|
|
Miscellaneous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
|
Drying of biomass |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Highly contaminated fuel (PCP treated) |
10 |
NA |
ND |
0.5 |
2,000 |
LoC |
L |
L |
L |
|||||
|
|
2 |
Moderately contaminated fuel |
0.1 |
NA |
ND |
0.1 |
20 |
LoC |
L |
L |
L |
|||||
3 |
Clean fuel |
0.01 |
NA |
ND |
0.1 |
5 |
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
L |
L |
|||
|
b |
|
Crematoria |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
No control (per cremation) |
90 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
ND |
LoC |
H |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Medium control or open air cremations (per cremation) |
10 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
2.5 |
LoC |
M |
M |
||||||
3 |
Optimal control (per cremation) |
0.4 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
2.5 |
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
L |
||||
|
c |
|
Smoke houses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Contaminated fuels |
50 |
NA |
ND |
ND |
2,000 |
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
|
|
2 |
Clean fuels, no afterburner |
6 |
NA |
ND |
ND |
20 |
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
3 |
Clean fuels, afterburner |
0.6 |
NA |
ND |
ND |
20 |
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
L |
||||
|
d |
|
Dry cleaning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Heavy textiles, PCP-treated, etc. |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
3,000 |
LoC |
L |
|||||||
2 |
Normal textiles |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
50 |
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
|||||
|
e |
|
Tobacco smoking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Cigar (per million cigars) |
0.3 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
0.3 |
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
2 |
Cigarette (per million cigarettes) |
0.1 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
0.1 |
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
L |
||||
|
|
|
Source categories |
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t) |
||||
Group |
Cat. |
Class |
|
Air |
Water |
Land |
Product |
Residue |
9 |
|
|
Disposal and Landfill |
|
|
|
||
|
a |
|
Landfills, Waste Dumps and Landfill Mining |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Hazardous wastes |
NA |
5 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
L |
|||||||
2 |
Mixed wastes |
NA |
0.5 |
NA |
NA |
50 |
||
LoC |
L |
L |
||||||
3 |
Domestic wastes |
NA |
0.05 |
NA |
NA |
5 |
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
L |
||||
|
b |
|
Sewage and sewage treatment (per ton d.m.*) * for water releases, units are in pg TEQ/L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Mixed domestic and specific industrial inputs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No sludge removal |
NA |
10 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
|
|
With sludge removal |
NA |
1 |
NA |
NA |
200 |
LoC |
H |
H |
||||||
|
|
2 |
Urban and industrial inputs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No sludge removal |
NA |
1 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|
|
|
With sludge removal |
NA |
0.2 |
NA |
NA |
20 |
LoC |
H |
H |
||||||
3 |
Domestic inputs |
|||||||
No sludge removal |
NA |
0.04 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
|||
With sludge removal |
NA |
0.04 |
NA |
NA |
4 |
|||
|
|
LoC |
H |
H |
||||
|
c |
|
Open water dumping (per m3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Mixed domestic and industrial wastewater |
NA |
0.005 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
L |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Urban and peri-urban wastewater |
NA |
0.0002 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
LoC |
L |
|||||||
3 |
Remote environments |
NA |
0.0001 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
||
|
|
LoC |
L |
|||||
|
d |
|
Composting (per ton d.m.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Organic wastes separated from mixed wastes |
NA |
NA |
NA |
50 |
NA |
LoC |
H |
|||||||
|
|
2 |
Clean compost |
NA |
NA |
NA |
5 |
NA |
|
|
LoC |
H |
|||||
|
e |
|
Waste oil disposal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
All fractions |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
ND |
